March 10, 2025
Turkey Talk 101: Raising Happy, Healthy Turkeys for Beginners-Part 1
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Welcome to the Poultry Keepers Podcast, where we talk poultry from feathers to function, we cover everything from chickens to ducks—and today it's part one of Turkey Talk 101! Whether you're new to raising turkeys or looking to improve your flock, we’ve got everything you need to know.
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From brooding delicate poults to choosing between heritage and commercial breeds, setting up the perfect turkey housing, feeding for optimal health, and even processing your own birds—we’ve got expert tips to help you raise happy, healthy turkeys.
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Stick around, because we’re about to talk turkey!"
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So where do you start with turkeys?
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Normally, it's pretty easy to get started
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with poults, the little babies, and they are very different from raising out baby chickens or other species of poultry because they have to learn by doing, and someone is going to have to parent those babies.
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and it's gonna be you.
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And that learning process can take up to two weeks to really get them going well with eating and drinking.
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And I personally love turkeys.
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I keep a flock of white holland turkeys.
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For growth rate and size more than anything, cause they were bigger than some of the other types that we had, but they still need that hands on brooding and I'm in there from the moment they hatch and get to the breeder, I'm showing them the food, I'm showing them the water, I go back two hours later and repeat the process and they'll end up bonding to you and some of them, they're like a golden retriever, I have one little male already Who is trying to follow me everywhere I go.
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So raising them is a fun experience.
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The only downside is when people start with commercial turkeys for their first turkeys
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and they
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raise them with the intention to eat them.
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And then they realize.
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This turkey turned into a puppy.
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Now I can't eat it.
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So knowing your ability to set boundaries on processing,
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you
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may find yourself with pet turkeys down the line.
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So something that I found that bonding there's a very fine line between having a well adjusted turkey and having a trip hazard every time you try to move out in the barnyard.
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Or if you're, I like to
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have my bolts bond and learn from chicks if I could have chicks hatching at the same time, the poults are hatching to me, that's ideal because they have something and somebody to watch and learn from.
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Yeah.
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And it also creates separation.
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And when they're out in the yard, they could be buddies out in the yard and leave me alone.
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So I don't trip over them.
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When I was raising turkeys, I would take when the turkeys would hatch, I'd get about a week old baby chicken.
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and put in there with them.
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They were far enough advanced they could teach them all that kind of stuff without too much trouble.
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Y'all were talking about bonding and Jeff Maddox at Portrayal did a study one time.
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They had a Yes.
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An intern there and her main focus of her job was to spend about at least 30 minutes a day just going down there and interacting with those turkeys, the baby turkeys, and just said they'd be sitting on her head and on her shoulders.
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And he said, surprisingly, they divided them into two groups.
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One got human interaction, one We're just hands off the birds when they processed them, the group that received human interaction, weighed a full one pound more than the birds that got no human interaction.
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Interesting.
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So there's a lot to be said for that.
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They can have a financial benefit to interacting with your turkeys.
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If you think chickens are wonderfully therapeutic, oh, turkeys are really amazing.
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They're like something, Mandy, you said between like a poultry puppy?
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Yeah.
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Poultry puppies.
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Poultry puppies.
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They really are.
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Now I have
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encountered a mean tom before.
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Yeah.
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I have seen aggression.
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Early on, and that was with a group of bourbon reds I had, and the first tom that was with my group, he decided with his spring hormones, because just every other bird, once spring rolls around, those hormones, they start coming in strong.
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And he was adamant that I was an adversary.
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And I couldn't break him of it.
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There was no fixing it.
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Once he picked me as a focus, I was done for because once a turkey finds a focus, they won't let it go.
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So we had fried turkey in July.
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Once I had a group of babies on the ground and I grew those babies out and I picked out a new one who had a way better temperament.
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So they can be aggressive, but in my experience with all the different ones we've tried, it only happened the one time.
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Everything else was sane and level and as intelligent as a turkey can be.
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So in all your experience, have you found that there's anything different in the incubation or the brooding process with turkeys besides having to constantly, show them where everything is for the first couple of days?
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Yes.
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Keeping that humidity right where it needs to be is very important because the egg size is larger than that of a chicken egg.
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And they take 28 days to hatch instead of 21.
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So over those 28 days, you really want to monitor the air sac to make sure it's losing enough moisture without it being too much moisture.
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So it's the same thing of finding your incubation balance with humidity.
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erring on the side of less humidity, because if it's too high, it's not going to lose the moisture and they're not going to perform well in that last week.
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And I prefer 40 to 45 percent humidity for the first 21 days of incubation.
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Anything less dried them out too quick.
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Anything more drowned them, but it depends on your ambient conditions and your incubator
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and the brooding process,
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pretty much the same as a chicken, but you're going to need more space really quick.
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Cause they're going to grow tall, very fast.
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Yes.
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Okay.
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They can outgrow their brooder before you can turn around.
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Oh yeah.
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I'm thinking about people who already have all this equipment and are thinking about, Hey, maybe I'll get a couple of eggs.
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So the first thing is a single turkey is going to be miserable.
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Correct.
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They love to have friends.
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Don't do that.
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Set at least six to hope to get two or three.
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I wouldn't try to raise just a single turkey.
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Yeah, talk about an in your pocket puppy dog.
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That turkey will never know it's a bird, even if you did raise it with chicks.
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Cause they like, they have a lot of vocalizations.
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And they have a high rate of communication.
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Yeah.
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And the other, and if they're lonely they're going to express that in their vocalizations.
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And that could call in every predator within a while.
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They have a very carrying call.
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As well as wildlife.
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It may not be
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the type of attention that you want.
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Now, if you have a hen that you want to Inseminated by a wild Tom.
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I've heard that will produce one of the tastiest birds imaginable.
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Which is true, but you might also never see her again.
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I definitely, it's something we've talked about in the podcast in the early days, I definitely want to do that someday because we do have a wild turkeys everywhere around here to the point where, again, we don't hit the brakes for them when they run out into the road.
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And that's actually pretty important.
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When these are hatching natively is they need to learn a respect for the road traffic because in town or in cities, they can cause problems if they don't learn this early on because people think they're cute and they hit their brakes and they cause traffic problems and, it's just not good.
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Let's talk a little bit about.
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Excuse me, why people raised turkeys and getting started and to me the first decision comes down to, are you in it just for meat or do you want to show, or do you want something a little more along the lines of a heritage bird?
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The meat turkeys are modern hybrids much like modern broilers and they grow extremely fast.
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Boy do they, they can be ready for the freezer in as little as four months.
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And it's important when you make that choice for meat, you don't necessarily want to bring the double breasted commercial type to your farm to grow too early in the season.
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unless you're going to process it when it's at the size you want it to be.
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So if you think about when Thanksgiving is, and then you backdate that four to five months, that's a good time to get commercial birds.
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Cause if you go out and get them now, that bird is going to be 45, 50 pounds or more by the time we get to November.
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Yes.
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They have an amazing feed conversion ratio.
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Turkeys are like top of the heap.
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When it comes to, how much you put in them versus how much you get back out.
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And there's a tipping point of when they're no longer efficient.
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So you want to time it right for your harvest window.
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If you're doing the commercial birds.
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Yes,
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I think heritage breeds are much more forgiving.
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Yes, they are.
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They're, they grow much slower.
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It'll take
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naturally too.
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They breed naturally.
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You're probably looking at six, seven months to get one ready to process.
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They breed naturally.
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They come in a variety of color varieties.
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And we were talking about this before we went on the air, but if I were to ask y'all, how many breeds are there?
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How many turkey breeds are there?
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One.
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There you go.
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Winner, winner, turkey dinner.
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Almost said winner, chicken dinner.
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I'm thinking Tyson, Butterball.
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Yeah, there's brands, not breeds.
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Brands, not breeds.
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So what is the, when we hear broad breasted bronze, to me, that's the most prominent one that I think of.
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And I just think of the domestic or wild turkeys,
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the broad breasted bronze colored like a wild turkey would be basically.
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And that was one of the early ancestors of the modern hybrid turkeys we have today.
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And most of the hybrids you get are white.
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And that's simply because when they're processed, they don't leave those little dark pin feathers and little flecks of color all over the carcass.
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It comes out.
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Perfectly clean.
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But like we said, they get big.
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I have seen 70, 75 pound Tom.
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That's, they have hard problems getting around.
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Yeah.
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I've seen him when they're a year old tumbling around, trying to walk like.
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Yeah.
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A graceful elephant, maybe.
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But the heritage breeds, heritage breed comes in many different color varieties and some of them are pretty striking, but they, all of them, all the color varieties in Turkey as we have descended from mutations of.
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The bronze Turkey, and I was at back one of my good old days when I worked for the game and fish commission, I was at the wildlife research lab and was talking with our statewide Turkey biologist, and he had a drawer open.
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He had study skins, which basically when he would kill a bird, he'd skin it out and make a study skin out of it.
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And.
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He said, pull up in that next door down.
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And I did, and there was beautifully colored bourbon red Turkey.
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And a beautifully colored black and a Royal Palm.
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And he said, all of those were wild turkeys that he got.
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He collected out into the wild.
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They're all the color mutation of the bronze turkey.
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When I first got into turkeys, I fell in with bourbon red after I fell in with Narragansett black turkeys and some others.
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And I noticed there was some variation to size based on their genetics.
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And the bourbon reds I have were pretty great, but then I got bred into a corner and it was too tight and I couldn't find that depth of color I had and everything else was washed out.
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So I was like let's go ahead and try some other colors.
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So I did a order through Porter's Heritage turkeys and that program produces So many color variations.
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And I knew I wanted to try the white Holland and then I had to pick some other colors to offset my order in case he didn't have enough to send.
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So I picked pencil turkeys, sweetgrass turkeys and something else.
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And then when I had them and I was raising them out and I was looking at those white turkeys and I was like I wonder if that's recessive white or dominant white.
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So that next season I let the white Holland's breed with the other colors.
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And it opened up this massive can of worms.
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And I saw chocolate turkeys, pencil turkeys.
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Like it was the rainbow colors of turkeys.
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Now, when you breed the same color to the same color, you usually get that same color again.
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So if you want chocolate, you breed chocolate to chocolate.
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If you want pencil, you breed pencil to pencil.
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If you want Narragansett, you breed that color together and you get more.
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But once you let those colors mix up, man, it opens up a bunch of.
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Opportunity because a turkey is a turkey.
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That was a good spring.
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It's a good lesson in how important selection has been and how important it is to keep up with.
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Yes.
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Yeah, for sure.
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And then since I never saw a white turkey from that, I knew right off the bat, they were recessive white because they didn't throw white when they were bred with any other color.
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So that was neat.
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One thing I like about I have a love hate relationship with it was heritage breeds.
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Is they can fly just as good as a wild turkey.
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The girls can, yeah.
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And they want to roost just as high up in the tree as they can get.
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And, I've seen them up in the tip tops of some of the oak trees around here.
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I just marvel at how a bird that size can fly like they do.
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It's pretty incredible.
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My turkey pen is covered.
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Good idea.
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Now I have noticed that if I raise them undercover for their first year, and then I start letting them range, they don't try to fly much at all because they never learned the skill.
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So my turkey pen opens up into my apple orchard and now I can open up their gate and they could go range in there and they don't leave that pen because I've trained them not to maybe.
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I don't know, but if I let them in the apple orchard, I find them there later in the day.
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And not elsewhere.
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Another thing about raising baby turkeys, it's almost and I was talking with Frank Reese about this.
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I said, Frank, it's like baby turkeys have a death wish.
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And he said, yeah.
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He said, when you hatch them, they start looking for ways to kill ourselves.
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They're curious
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and nosy.
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They are so curious, they get into everything.
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And at that age, they're not really afraid of anything.
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They haven't gained a healthy respect of things they ought not to be messing with.
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And
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they like to approach things as a group and then circle around it.
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There's a couple videos circulating online that show a ring of wild turkeys walking around something weird.
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Maybe it's a predator.
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Maybe it's a car.
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Maybe it is.
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A weird looking fence post.
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I've seen them do that with a rattlesnake one time out in the woods.
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And they, it was just like head to tail.
00:16:54.135 --> 00:16:57.385
Going around and around that darn snake.
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Until they saw me and then they were like rockets taking off.
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When they're being curious, they have this whole series of vocalizations of clicks and chirps and what's that?
00:17:08.276 --> 00:17:08.786
I don't know.
00:17:08.786 --> 00:17:09.695
Do you know what it is?
00:17:09.855 --> 00:17:10.895
Someone go look.
00:17:11.895 --> 00:17:12.465
It's pretty funny.
00:17:13.465 --> 00:17:19.516
You could spend hours just sitting on the porch with a iced tea in your hand, observing.
00:17:20.516 --> 00:17:25.705
Now, nutritionally, the babies do need better than Chick Starter.
00:17:25.776 --> 00:17:28.705
Nutritionally, they're a lot different than chickens.
00:17:29.145 --> 00:17:29.766
Their growth
00:17:29.766 --> 00:17:31.336
rate is so fast.
00:17:32.286 --> 00:17:34.205
They need more, but not too much protein.
00:17:35.205 --> 00:17:36.895
They need a touch more protein.
00:17:37.306 --> 00:17:40.016
More amino acids and vitamins and minerals.
00:17:41.016 --> 00:17:46.536
Because to keep up with that growth rate, it takes putting a lot of nutrition in them.
00:17:47.536 --> 00:17:53.806
Most of the starters are 26 percent all the way up to 30 percent for the first couple of weeks.
00:17:53.806 --> 00:17:59.816
And then you can start backing that protein down as their growth starts to level off.
00:17:59.826 --> 00:18:00.965
But those starters.
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They need to be potent for the first couple of weeks.
00:18:04.395 --> 00:18:04.786
Yeah.
00:18:04.786 --> 00:18:17.455
And honestly, those real high protein starters up in the high twenties and thirties, I never used that kind of starter simply because my birds were performing well.
00:18:18.455 --> 00:18:20.385
Probably 25, 26 percent
00:18:21.385 --> 00:18:29.715
as long as you get the proper amino acid profile, which usually a commercial feeds, not going to have it off the shelf unless it's just not,
00:18:30.326 --> 00:18:31.405
There's a few
00:18:31.425 --> 00:18:38.046
brands that may have a really great nutritional profile, but often you need to supplement it yourself and.
00:18:38.621 --> 00:18:43.201
In doing so you're naturally going to be boosting your protein levels up anyways, slightly.
00:18:44.201 --> 00:18:56.391
The other problem with those high protein feeds is that they're jacked up that high because with high protein content, because they have so many fillers.
00:18:57.381 --> 00:19:02.461
And the feeds that the birds have to eat much more of it to get the nourishment they need
00:19:02.750 --> 00:19:04.300
just to be able to form the pellet.
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Normally, it's pretty easy to get started
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and they
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Or if you're, I like to
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One.
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00:15:15.625 --> 00:15:20.865
00:15:21.365 --> 00:15:22.355
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00:16:09.660 --> 00:16:10.740
00:16:11.561 --> 00:16:14.451
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00:16:15.971 --> 00:16:16.791
00:16:17.130 --> 00:16:19.890
00:16:20.581 --> 00:16:23.811
00:16:23.821 --> 00:16:28.600
00:16:29.600 --> 00:16:29.821
00:16:30.091 --> 00:16:34.630
00:16:34.760 --> 00:16:40.681
00:16:40.961 --> 00:16:42.900
00:16:43.020 --> 00:16:44.071
00:16:44.160 --> 00:16:44.961
00:16:45.785 --> 00:16:47.186
00:16:48.186 --> 00:16:51.025
00:16:52.025 --> 00:16:54.025
00:16:54.135 --> 00:16:57.385
00:16:57.885 --> 00:17:00.505
00:17:01.505 --> 00:17:08.205
00:17:08.276 --> 00:17:08.786
00:17:08.786 --> 00:17:09.695
00:17:09.855 --> 00:17:10.895
00:17:11.895 --> 00:17:12.465
00:17:13.465 --> 00:17:19.516
00:17:20.516 --> 00:17:25.705
00:17:25.776 --> 00:17:28.705
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Their growth
00:17:29.766 --> 00:17:31.336
00:17:32.286 --> 00:17:34.205
00:17:35.205 --> 00:17:36.895
00:17:37.306 --> 00:17:40.016
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00:17:47.536 --> 00:17:53.806
00:17:53.806 --> 00:17:59.816
00:17:59.826 --> 00:18:00.965
00:18:01.276 --> 00:18:04.115
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00:18:18.455 --> 00:18:20.385
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00:18:44.201 --> 00:18:56.391
00:18:57.381 --> 00:19:02.461
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